{"id":4691,"date":"2022-12-08T13:12:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T13:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/2022studio.fr\/?p=4691"},"modified":"2026-06-13T19:04:16","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T19:04:16","slug":"lorne-en-verre-du-moyen-age-a-la-crise-des-annees-trente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvh3.studio-transverse.fr\/?p=4691","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019Orne en verre, du Moyen \u00c2ge \u00e0 la crise des ann\u00e9es trente"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n\t\t\tR\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/a>
\n\t\t<\/h6>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\n

Depuis le XV<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, il y a eu dans l\u2019Orne une cinquantaine d\u2019\u00e9tablissements dont une moiti\u00e9 \u00e9tait inconnue avant l\u2019exposition \u00ab L\u2019Orne en verre \u00bb, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e aux Archives d\u00e9partementales de l\u2019Orne du 11 mars au 16 juin 2013.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e8s vite, les ma\u00eetres verriers ont recours \u00e0 de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre italienne mais d\u2019autres viennent d\u2019Argonne, d\u2019Auvergne, du Centre, du Maine, du Poitou, etc. Au XVII<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle dans les verreries de Courtomer et de La Coch\u00e8re, on fabrique notamment des flacons, en verre \u00ab de Chine \u00bb, aux d\u00e9cors \u00e9maill\u00e9s polychromes. De nouvelles verreries prosp\u00e8rent au si\u00e8cle suivant. Lors de la R\u00e9volution, le s\u00e9questre de l\u2019une d\u2019elles nous permet de conna\u00eetre sa production : deux cent mille verres dont des rouleaux (en particulier pour contenir de l\u2019eau de m\u00e9lisse), des fioles \u00e0 m\u00e9decine en verre blanc ou vert et des \u00ab fioles \u00e0 femme \u00bb. Au XIX<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle ne subsistent que six verreries qui produisent alors essentiellement des verres \u00ab communs et ordinaires \u00bb et \u00e0 profusion \u00ab des petites bouteilles \u00e0 l\u2019usage des confiseurs, des distillateurs et des pharmaciens \u00bb. Presque toutes ces verreries sont dirig\u00e9es par la famille Bourgeois, et plus particuli\u00e8rement par Auguste Bourgeois qui fut form\u00e9 \u00e0 la verrerie de Courval, aujourd\u2019hui encore leader mondial du flaconnage de luxe.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\t\t\tAbstract<\/a>
\n\t\t<\/h6>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\n

Glass in the Orne Department,
from the Middle Ages till the 1930\u2019s Industrial Crisis<\/p>\n

The exhibition \u201cL\u2019Orne en verre\u201d, which took place at the Orne archives from March 11th<\/sup> till June 16th<\/sup> 2013 was the occasion to rediscover at least half of the fifty glassworks which were operating in that area since the 15th<\/sup> Century. The workforce came from Italy, Argonne, Auvergne, Centre, Maine, Poitou\u2026 During the 17th<\/sup> Century, polychromic enameled flasks in \u201cChina glass\u201d were produced at the glassworks of Courtomer or La Coch\u00e8re. Also from one of these glassworks, an escrow account from the revolutionnary period gives us a rare glimpse on the production: 200,000 glass bottles, for \u201ceau de Melisse\u201d, medical vials in white or green glass and figured glass. At the end of the 19th<\/sup> Century, only six glassworks are left, producing mostly common glass, \u201clittle bottles for confectioners, distillers and chemists\u201d. The Bourgeois familly, and Auguste Bourgeois in particular who had learnt his trade at the Courval glasswork \u2013 still a world leader in luxury glass products, had a prominent role in this trade.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\t\t\tMots cl\u00e9s<\/a>
\n\t\t<\/h6>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\n

verre, flacon, fiole, bouteille, production, verrier, verrerie, Orne, ornais.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\t\t\t\u00c0 propos de cet article<\/a>
\n\t\t<\/h6>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\n

Reflet du poster pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 lors du colloque Flacons, fioles et fiasques<\/span>, ce court article est un bref expos\u00e9 de l\u2019exposition alors pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e aux Archives d\u00e9partementales (L\u2019Orne en verre<\/span>, 11 mars-16 juin 2013).<\/p>\n

Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans Flacons, fioles et fiasques. De l’Antiquit\u00e9 \u00e0 nos jours<\/span>. Les Cahiers de Verre & Histoire no<\/sup> 3, Actes du troisi\u00e8me colloque international de l\u2019Association Verre & Histoire, Rouen-Vall\u00e9e de la Bresle, 4-6 avril 2013, Carr\u00e9 A.-L. et Lagabrielle S. (dir.), Paris : \u00c9d. Verre & Histoire, mai 2019, p. 213-216.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

L\u2019ouvrage fondateur de Le Vaillant de la Fieffe sur les verreries de la Normandie, publi\u00e9 en 1873, fait une large place \u00e0 la verrerie ornaise, l\u2019un des grands centres verriers du Nord-Ouest de la France. Mais l\u2019histoire de ces verreries et de leur production restait mal connue, faute d\u2019\u00e9tude approfondie. Reflet du poster pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 lors du colloque Flacons, fioles et fiasques<\/span>, ce court texte n\u2019est qu\u2019un bref expos\u00e9 de l\u2019exposition alors pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e aux Archives d\u00e9partementales (L\u2019Orne en verre<\/span>, 11 mars-16 juin 2013).<\/p>\n

\"Vue<\/a>
Fig. 1<\/span> \u2013 L\u2019Orne en verre<\/span> : exposition pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e aux Archives d\u00e9partementales, du 11 mars au 16 juin 2013. (Clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u2019Orne est le lieu privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 de la saga de deux grandes familles verri\u00e8res de l\u2019Ouest, les Brossard et les M\u00e9senge, qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de la forte mobilit\u00e9 d\u2019ouvriers qualifi\u00e9s, assurant ainsi la circulation des techniques avec les plus grands centres verriers de France (Baccarat, Le Creusot, Orl\u00e9ans, Paris, Saint-Gobain) mais aussi avec Altare et Venise. Le d\u00e9veloppement de la production apr\u00e8s la R\u00e9volution est redevable aux industriels qui emploient alors une main-d\u2019\u0153uvre plus nombreuse pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande des march\u00e9s ext\u00e9rieurs : principalement Caen, Rouen et Paris.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9pouillement de sources d\u2019archives in\u00e9dites a permis d\u2019identifier les verreries jusqu\u2019ici inconnues, d\u2019approfondir la connaissance de l\u2019histoire de la quarantaine de sites recens\u00e9s et de caract\u00e9riser leur production. La premi\u00e8re partie de l\u2019exposition \u00e9voque cette histoire apr\u00e8s un rappel des techniques verri\u00e8res. La seconde permet au public d\u2019admirer plus de trois cents pi\u00e8ces en verre, le plus important ensemble jamais pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n

\"Vue<\/a>
Fig. 2<\/span> \u2013 L\u2019Orne en verre<\/span> : une partie des objets expos\u00e9s. (Clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Flacons, fioles et fiasques<\/h2>\n

\u00c0 la fin du XVII<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, Jean Louisfert, un marchand de verres de Neuilly-sur-Eure \u2013 par ailleurs membre de la communaut\u00e9 des ma\u00eetres marchands verriers, \u00e9mailleurs, fa\u00efenciers, couvreurs de flacons et bouteilles en osier de Paris \u2013 obtient d\u2019importants contrats avec plusieurs verreries de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9 d\u2019Alen\u00e7on.<\/p>\n

\"Petit<\/a>
Fig. 3<\/span> \u2013 Flacon. Verre souffl\u00e9 opalin \u00e0 d\u00e9cor \u00e9maill\u00e9 polychrome, attribu\u00e9 aux successeurs de Perrot, 1717. Collection priv\u00e9e. (Clich\u00e9 Mus\u00e9e historique et arch\u00e9ologique de l\u2019Orl\u00e9anais)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les troubles de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise n\u2019\u00e9pargnent pas les anciens privil\u00e8ges de la noblesse : ainsi \u00e0 la demande du directoire du district d\u2019Argentan, la verrerie de La Coch\u00e8re est mise sous s\u00e9questre. Les entrep\u00f4ts renferment alors pr\u00e8s de deux cent mille verres de toutes sortes. Plus des trois quarts sont \u00e0 usage alimentaire, le reste \u00e0 usage m\u00e9dico-pharmaceutique. S\u2019y trouvent notamment : des bouteilles (8 500), des brocs (300), des carafes (2 500), des topettes (2 000) de diff\u00e9rentes couleurs et tailles ; des flacons \u00e0 drag\u00e9es (4 000) ; des \u00ab bavaroises \u00bb (200) et des seaux \u00e0 bi\u00e8res (400) ; des rouleaux (flacons de forme cylindrique) de diverses contenances (12 000), dont dix mille sont destin\u00e9s \u00e0 contenir de l\u2019eau de m\u00e9lisse ; des fioles \u00e0 m\u00e9decine en verre blanc (2 500) ou vert (1 500) ; des bocaux \u00e0 apothicaires (200) et des fioles \u00ab \u00e0 femmes \u00bb (60) !<\/p>\n

\"\u00c9chantillon<\/a>
Fig. 4<\/span> \u2013 Flacons. Verrerie de Tourouvre, d\u00e9but du XX<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. (Collection priv\u00e9e, clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Au cours des XIX<\/span>e<\/sup> et XX<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cles, les manufactures ornaises fabriquent essentiellement du flaconnage. Le verre domestique est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par de la bouteille souvent calibr\u00e9e et parfois cliss\u00e9e, des bocaux \u00e0 conserves et des pots \u00e0 confiture. Les statistiques industrielles attestent de la place grandissante des verres \u00e0 usage m\u00e9dico-pharmaceutique : flacons, fioles et fiasques de toutes tailles et de toutes couleurs. On voit alors appara\u00eetre des contenants sur lesquels le nom de l\u2019\u00e9lixir et\/ou du producteur est marqu\u00e9 en relief. \u00c0 L\u2019H\u00f4me-Chamondot, Saint-\u00c9vroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois, Tanville et Tourouvre, on fabrique des flacons pour les marques suivantes : \u00ab Alcool de menthe \/ Ricql\u00e8s \u00bb, \u00ab Avranine \/ D. Avrakhoff \u00bb, \u00ab Hemostyl \/ Deroussel \u00bb, \u00ab L. T. Piver \u00bb, \u00ab Nuclearsitol \/ Robin \u00bb, \u00ab Phosphate de fer \/ Legras \u00bb, \u00ab Quintonine \/ Helin \u00bb, etc. L\u2019industrie chimique g\u00e9n\u00e8re des formes encore plus sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es. Quant \u00e0 la parfumerie, qui depuis longtemps a confi\u00e9 au verre ses pr\u00e9cieuses essences, elle a dans l\u2019Orne un illustre promoteur : Auguste Bourgeois, qui officie dans plusieurs verreries et qui avait fait son apprentissage \u00e0 la verrerie du Courval, aujourd\u2019hui encore leader mondial du flaconnage de luxe !<\/p>\n

\"4<\/a>
Fig. 5<\/span> \u2014 Flacons. Verrerie de Saint-\u00c9vroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois, d\u00e9but du XX<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. (Collection priv\u00e9e, clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Matthieu Le Go\u00efc<\/span> et Odile Leconte<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n

Figures<\/p>\n

\n<\/p>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t\t\t\"Vue
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 1<\/span> \u2013 L\u2019Orne en verre<\/span> : exposition pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e aux Archives d\u00e9partementales, du 11 mars au 16 juin 2013. (Clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t\t\t\"Vue
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 2<\/span> \u2013 L\u2019Orne en verre<\/span> : une partie des objets expos\u00e9s. (Clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t\t\t\"Petit
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 3<\/span> \u2013 Flacon. Verre souffl\u00e9 opalin \u00e0 d\u00e9cor \u00e9maill\u00e9 polychrome, attribu\u00e9 aux successeurs de Perrot, 1717. Collection priv\u00e9e. (Clich\u00e9 Mus\u00e9e historique et arch\u00e9ologique de l\u2019Orl\u00e9anais)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t\t\t\"\u00c9chantillon
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 4<\/span> \u2013 Flacons. Verrerie de Tourouvre, d\u00e9but du XX<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. (Collection priv\u00e9e, clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\t\t\t\"4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 5<\/span> \u2014 Flacons. Verrerie de Saint-\u00c9vroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois, d\u00e9but du XX<\/span>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. (Collection priv\u00e9e, clich\u00e9 Arch. d\u00e9p. Orne)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Depuis le XVe si\u00e8cle, il y a eu dans l\u2019Orne une cinquantaine d\u2019\u00e9tablissements dont une moiti\u00e9 \u00e9tait inconnue…\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":5393,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[21,44,45,46,61,62,79,85,109,108],"class_list":["post-4691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-epoque-contemporaine","tag-bourgeois-auguste","tag-fiole","tag-flacon","tag-france","tag-medecine","tag-medicament","tag-pharmacie","tag-production","tag-verre","tag-verre-opalin","cs-entry","cs-video-wrap"],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019Orne en verre, du Moyen \u00c2ge \u00e0 la crise des ann\u00e9es trente - Flacons, Fioles et Fiasques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cvh3.studio-transverse.fr\/?p=4691\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019Orne en verre, du Moyen \u00c2ge \u00e0 la crise des ann\u00e9es trente - 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